Childcare - Orientation Package Essay Example for Free

Childcare Orientation Package Essay INTRODUCTION One of the goals of the Ministry of Children and Youth Services is to help support social and economic development in Ontario by investing in and supporting an affordable, accessible and accountable child care system which helps benefit children, their parents and caregivers, and the broader community. The early learning and child care system in Ontario should: †¢ be accessible, affordable and inclusive †¢ care for children in a safe, nurturing environment †¢ foster early childhood development †¢ help support early learning and readiness for school †¢ be flexible and provide choice †¢ support children and their families †¢ provide appropriate standards of child care †¢ provide supports for parents in financial need, who are employed, in training, or involved in other employment activities †¢ support economic growth, and †¢ work in partnership with others involved in Ontario’s. early learning and child care system. This Orientation Package has been designed to provide individuals who are interested in obtaining a licence to operate either a day nursery (also known as child care centres) or a private-home day care agency in the Province of Ontario, with practical information and advice. The following information is included in this package: †¢ the process for obtaining a licence †¢ a summary of the licensing requirements to operate a day nursery or a private-home day care agency under the Day Nurseries Act †¢ a glossary of terms (Appendix 1) †¢ information to assist you in considering your decision to apply for a licence to operate either a day nursery or a private-home day care agency (Appendix 2) †¢ a list of the Regional Offices of the Ministry of Children and Youth Services (Appendix 3), and †¢ a list of the Child Care Service System Managers responsible for planning and managing the delivery of child care services throughout Ontario (Appendix 4). 4 CHILD CARE IN ONTARIO The child care system in Ontario consists of a range of services for families and their children, including licensed day nurseries and private-home day care which provide supports to children and their families. The Day Nurseries Act requires any premise that receives more than five children under the age of 10 years, not of common parentage (children who have different parents), for temporary care and guidance, to be licensed as a day nursery. A person may provide informal child care to five children or less under the age of 10 years who are not of common parentage (children who have different parents), in addition to his/her own children, without a licence. This number may not be exceeded, regardless of the number of adults present or on site. When a person provides in-home child care at more than one location or co-ordinates the provision of care at more than one site, a licence to operate a private-home day care agency is required. It is an offence to establish, operate or maintain a day nursery or private-home day care agency without a licence. On conviction, the fine is up to $2,000 for each day the offence continues, or imprisonment for a term of not more than one year, or both. Ministry staff have the responsibility to follow-up on all complaints about child care being provided without a licence. CHILD CARE LICENSING IN ONTARIO The Ministry of Children and Youth Services is responsible for the Day Nurseries Act and issues licences to operators of child care programs. There are two types of licensed child care programs: day nurseries and private-home day care agencies. In the Day Nurseries Act and in this package, child care centres are referred to as day nurseries. Day nurseries may include nursery schools, full day care, extended day care, and before and after school programs. Private-home day care agencies arrange or offer home day care at more than one home. Care is provided to five children or less, under 10 years of age in a private residence other than the home of the parent/guardian of the child. Homes are monitored by the agency. Role of the Operator Operators have responsibility for the operation and management of each day nursery or private-home day care agency, including the program, financial and personnel administration of the program. Operators of licensed day nurseries and private-home day care agencies are required to achieve and maintain compliance with the standards set out in Ontario Regulation 262 under the Day Nurseries Act at all times. The Day Nurseries Act and Ontario Regulation 262 are available through: Publication Services 777 Bay Street, Market Level, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C8 416-585-7485 or 1-800-668-9938 The Day Nurseries Act is available on the ministry’s website at: http://www. elaws. gov. on. ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_90d02_e. htm. Ontario Regulation 262 under the Day Nurseries Act is available online at: http://www. elaws. gov. on. ca/html/regs/english/elaws_regs_900262_e. htm#37. (1). The Director under the Day Nurseries Act Child care licences are issued by a â€Å"Director† who is an employee of the Ministry of Children and Youth Services, appointed by the Minister for the purpose of the Day Nurseries Act. The Director reviews all documents required for licensing, approves and signs the licence. The Director has the authority to refuse to issue a new licence if: †¢ the applicant or any of the officers, directors or employees of the applicant are not competent to operate a day nursery or privatehome day care agency in a responsible manner in accordance with the Day Nurseries Act 6 †¢ the past conduct of the applicant affords reasonable grounds for the belief that a day nursery or private-home day care agency will not be operated in accordance with the Day Nurseries Act, or the building in which the applicant proposes to operate the day nursery or provide private-home day care does not comply with the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. †¢ In addition, if there are grounds, the Director may refuse to renew or revoke an existing licence. The Director may also issue a direction and temporarily suspend a licence if there is an immediate threat to the health, safety or well-being of the children. An applicant or licensee is entitled to a hearing before the Licence Appeal Tribunal. Role of Program Advisors Program Advisors, Ministry of Children and Youth Services staff designated under Section 16 of the Day Nurseries Act, are responsible for inspecting day nurseries and private-home day care agencies to enforce licensing requirements. In some regional offices, this position is referred to as Licensing Specialist. Program Advisors are responsible for assessing whether the operator has met the licensing requirements before an initial licence is issued. Unannounced inspections are conducted by Program Advisors for licence renewals on an annual basis or more frequently for a shorter term licences. In addition, Program Advisors conduct unannounced inspections in response to complaints related to licensed child care programs and to monitor operators who have difficulty maintaining compliance with licensing standards. The Ministry of Children and Youth Services also responds to complaints from the public pertaining to persons who are alleged to be operating without a licence (i. e. caring for more than five children under 10 years of age, not of common parentage, without a licence). The Application Process An individual or corporation can apply for a licence to operate a day nursery or a private-home day care agency. (Licences cannot be issued to partnerships. ) Types of operators include: †¢ an individual †¢ corporations (non-profit and for-profit) †¢ municipalities †¢ community colleges †¢ churches, or †¢ Bands and Councils of the Band. The prospective operator contacts the local Regional Office (see Appendix 3) to request an application package and confirm the information required before proceeding with the next steps in the licensing process. Prior to requesting an initial site inspection for a day nursery (a visit to determine if the space is appropriate), the operator submits the completed application form to the Regional Office, as well as: †¢ †¢ †¢ written verification from the zoning authority confirming the location is approved for use as a child care centre detailed floor plans, and detailed site plans of the proposed location. These plans must include room measurements, window measurements (actual glass area), location of fixed cabinets (counters and storage areas) and fenced outdoor playground space dimensions (if required). Please note that effective July 1, 2005, as part of regulatory changes to the Ontario Building Code, all building or renovation plans for a day nursery must be reviewed and approved by the Ministry of Children and Youth Services prior to a municipality issuing a building permit. It is the operator’s responsibility to determine whether the location will meet zoning, building, fire and health requirements. Written verification must be submitted to the regional office confirming that these requirements have been met prior to a licence being issued. The fee for a new licence is $15; the renewal fee is $10. If a licence renewal is submitted to the ministry after the licence expiry date, the late fee is $25. 8 Planning and Design Guidelines for Child Care Centres This guide provides information about the planning, design and renovation of licensed child care centres. It is intended to be used by persons involved in the site selection, design, and operation of a child care centre in the province of Ontario. This guide is available through the local MCYS Regional office and on the ministry’s website at http://www. children. gov. on. ca/mcys/english/resources/publications/be ststart-planning. asp. (Alternately, from the ministry’s home page at. http://www. children. gov. on.ca, you can follow the links to Best Start, then Best Start resources, then Planning and Design Guidelines for Child Care Centres. ) Obtaining a Licence To obtain a licence, applicants must demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in Regulation 262 of the Day Nurseries Act in a number of areas including: confirmation of compliance with municipal zoning, building, fire and health requirements; the suitability of the building; availability of equipment and furnishings; conformity with space requirements and playground standards; maintenance of staff/child ratios for various age groups; staff qualifications; nutrition; appropriate behaviour management; programming and insurance. Private-home day care agencies must demonstrate compliance with the requirements set out in Regulation 262 of the Day Nurseries Act in a number of areas including: staffing and training; policies and procedures; records of inspections of providers’ homes; availability of equipment and furnishings; appropriate behaviour management and insurance. The Program Advisor makes a recommendation to the Director under the Day Nurseries Act about the issuance of a licence based on their assessment of compliance with the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act and ministry policy. The Director decides whether to issue a licence and the type and term of licence to be issued. The Director may add terms and conditions to the licence. The operator is required to comply with the terms and conditions of the licence as well as the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act and ministry policy. Operators must apply for a licence renewal prior to the expiry date of the current licence. Licences may be issued for a period of up to one year if all licensing requirements are met. Health Canada – Product Safety Program Health Canada helps protect the Canadian public by researching, assessing and collaborating in the management of the health risks and safety hazards associated with the many consumer products, including children’s equipment, toys and furnishings, that Canadians use everyday. Through their Product Safety Program, Health Canada communicates information about juvenile product hazards and recalls to protect children from avoidable risks. Advisories and warnings, juvenile product recall notices, food recalls and allergy alerts are posted on the Health Canada website. The Consumer Product Recalls webpage can be accessed at http://209. 217. 71. 106/PR/list-liste-e. jsp. Health Canada offers an electronic newsletter so that the public can receive updates when consumer advisories and warnings, juvenile product recalls, and consultation documents regarding consumer product safety are posted on the Health Canada Web site. As a prospective operator, you are encouraged to register on line for this service at: http://www. hc-sc. gc. ca/cps-spc/advisories-avis/_subscribeabonnement/index_e. html. Duration of Initial Licensing Process It may take up to 6 to 12 months to open a new day nursery or private-home day care agency depending on a number of factors, including the extent of the renovations, the incorporation of a corporation, the purchasing of equipment, the hiring of a supervisor or home visitors, the recruitment of staff, the development of policies and obtaining all required approvals. Types of Licences †¢ Regular licence – may be issued for up to 1 year if the operator was in compliance with licensing requirements when last inspected. 10 †¢ Regular short-term licence – issued at the discretion of the Director routinely issued to new licensees (generally for a period of up to six months) or when more frequent licensing visits are appropriate to support ongoing compliance. Regular licence with terms and conditions terms and conditions are requirements prescribed by a Director and are additional to the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. They may reflect circumstances specific to the operation, such as half day or 10 month service. They may also be in place to minimize the recurrence of a non-compliance, such as incomplete staff medical records. Provisional licence – When Day Nurseries Act requirements have not been met and the operator requires time to meet requirements, a provisional licence (generally for a period up to three months) may be issued. This licence gives the operator a period of time to meet licensing requirements. Copies of a letter indicating that a provisional licence has been issued and a summary of the non-compliances are sent to the centre for distribution to parents. The summary of non-compliances will also appear on the Child Care Licensing Website. †¢ †¢ Child Care Licensing Website MCYS has launched the Child Care Licensing Website to provide parents with information about licensed child care in Ontario. The site is accessible at http://www. ontario. ca/ONT/portal51/licensedchildcare. A search tool allows parents to search for child care by city, postal code, type of program, age group, program name, operator name and language of service delivery. The site also provides the status of the licence and the terms and conditions of the licence for any licensed program parents might be considering or about which they might be concerned. Once a licence is issued, the information appearing on the licence of the program will be available on the website. Child Care Service System Managers The child care system is managed at the municipal level by fortyseven Consolidated Municipal Service Managers (CMSMs) /District 11 Social Services Administration Boards (DSSABs). Each service system manager has responsibility for planning and managing a broad range of child care services, including fee subsidy, wage subsidy, family resource centres and special needs resourcing. Prospective operators should contact their local child care service system manager (see Appendix 4) to discuss the need for child care in the area being considered and for information about funding and fee subsidy. 12 DAY NURSERIES ACT SUMMARY OF LICENSING REQUIREMENTS FOR DAY NURSERIES Day nurseries are centre-based programs and can include nursery schools, full day child care, extended day and before and after school programs. Organization and Management The operator of the day nursery is responsible for maintaining compliance with the Day Nurseries Act and ministry policy. This includes responsibility for the operation and management of the program and financial and personnel administration. A qualified supervisor who directs the program and oversees the staff is required for each child care centre. This person must have a diploma in Early Childhood Education, or other academic qualifications which are considered equivalent, and have at least two years experience in Early Childhood Education. The supervisor must also be approved by the Director under the Day Nurseries Act. Staff Qualifications †¢ The supervisor must have a diploma in Early Childhood Education or equivalent qualifications, with two years experience and must be approved by the Director under the Day Nurseries Act. †¢ One staff with a diploma in Early Childhood Education or equivalent qualifications must be hired for each group of children. Health Assessments and Immunization †¢ Staff immunization/health assessment, as required by the local medical officer of health, must be completed before commencing employment. 13. Number and Group Size Number of Staff required for a Day Nursery Other than a Day Nursery for Children with Disabilities Ratio of Employees to Children 3 to 10 1 to 5 Maximum Number of Children in a Group 10 15 Group Age of Children in Group Infant Toddler Under 18 months of age 18 months of age and over up to and including 30 months of age more than 30 months of age up to and including 5 years of age 44 months of age or over and up to and including 67 months of age as of August 31 of the year 56 months of age or over and up to and including 67 months of age as of August 31 of the year 68 months of age or over as of August 31 of the year and up to and including 12 years of age Preschool 1 to 8 16 Junior Kindergarten 1 to 10 20 Senior Kindergarten 1 to 12 24 School age. 1 to 15 30 †¢ All children must be supervised by an adult at all times. †¢ Ratios are not permitted to be reduced at any time for children under 18 months of age. †¢ Ratios are not to be reduced on the playground. 14 †¢ Where there are six or more children over 18 months of age or four or more children under 18 months of age in attendance, there must be at least two adults on the premises. †¢ Staff/child ratios may be reduced to 2/3 of the required ratios during the periods of arrival and departure of children and during the rest period, with the following exceptions: †¢ †¢ when children are under 18 months of age on the playground with any age group. †¢ In a full day program operating six or more hours in a day, for the purposes of staffing, the period of arrival is not to exceed two hours after the opening and the period of departure is not to exceed two hours before the closing of the day nursery. †¢ In half day nursery school programs and school age programs, the period of arrival is not to exceed 30 minutes after the opening and the period of departure is not to exceed 30 minutes before the closing of the day nursery. Criminal Reference Checks Individuals and directors of a corporation applying for new licences will be required to submit a criminal reference check to their local Ministry of Children and Youth Services Regional Office as part of the licence application. In preparation for the initial licensing visit, the operator of the day nursery is required to develop a criminal reference check policy for all full and part time staff working with the children, as well as for volunteers. Additional information about the Ministry of Children and Youth Services criminal reference check policy is available from Regional Offices. Building and Accommodation Each day nursery must: †¢ comply with the requirements of applicable local authorities i. e. zoning and building department, medical officer of health and fire department †¢ comply with the requirements of the Safe Drinking Water Act, 2002, O. Reg. 170/03, where applicable. These provisions only apply to designated facilities with drinking water systems where 15 the water is not provided through service connections with a municipal residential water system. The requirements of this regulation are available from the Ministry of the Environment’s website at http://www. ene. gov. on. ca/envision/gp/5361e. pdf †¢ comply with the requirements for lead flushing and water sample testing (where applicable) under the Safe Drinking Water Act, 2002, O. Reg. 243/07. The requirements of this regulation are available from the Ministry of the Environment’s website at http://www. ontario. ca/ONT/portal51/drinkingwater/General? docId= 177450lang=en †¢ comply with the requirements of the Smoke-Free Ontario Act. †¢ have designated spaces for washing, toileting and separate storage areas for toys, play materials and equipment †¢ have designated space for eating and resting, preparation of food if prepared on premises or a food service area if food is catered (prepared off premises by a food catering company and delivered to the centre), a fenced playground (see page 15), storage for beds, a staff rest area and an office area if the program operates for six or more hours †¢ have play space of at least 2. 8 square metres (30 square feet) Of unobstructed floor space for each child, based on the licensed capacity †¢ have separate play activity rooms for each age grouping. A separate sleep area for infants is also required †¢ have rooms on or below the second floor where the rooms are for children under six years of age †¢ have a clear window glass area equivalent to 10% of the available floor area for each play activity room for a program that operates for six or more hours in a day. 16 Equipment and Furnishings Each day nursery must have: †¢ an adequate number of toys, equipment and furnishings for the licensed capacity. The toys, equipment and furnishings must be age appropriate and include sufficient numbers for rotation as well as for gross-motor activity in the playground area †¢ infant and toddler diapering areas that are adjacent to a sink †¢ cribs or cradles that meet the requirements of the Hazardous Products Act, for infants, and cots for older children †¢ equipment and furnishings which are maintained in a safe and clean condition and kept in a good state of repair †¢ a telephone or an alternative means of obtaining emergency assistance that is approved by the Director. †¢ Where children are transported in a day nursery vehicle, child seating and restraint systems are used that meet the requirements of the Highway Traffic Act, O. Reg. 613. Policies and Procedures Every operator must develop the following policies and procedures: †¢ Fire evacuation procedures †¢ Sanitary practices †¢ Serious occurrence policy, including child abuse reporting procedures †¢ Criminal reference check policy †¢ Medication policy †¢ Behaviour management policy, including monitoring procedures and contravention policies 17. †¢ Program statement/parent handbook †¢ Playground safety policy †¢ Anaphylactic policy, including an individual plan for each child with a severe allergy and the emergency procedures to be followed. Playground Requirements †¢ Programs operating six or more hours in a day require outdoor play space equivalent to 5. 6 square metres (60 square feet) per child, based on licensed capacity. †¢ The playground must be: †¢ sub-divided if licensed capacity is over 64 children †¢ at ground level and adjacent to the premise †¢ designed so that staff can maintain constant supervision. †¢ If used by children under 44 months of age as of August 31 of the year, the playground must be fenced to a minimum height of 1. 2m (4 feet) and furnished with one or more gates that can be securely closed at all times. †¢ If used by children 44 months of age and up to an including 67 month of age as of August 31 of the year (children eligible to attend junior and senior kindergarten), the playground is fenced to a minimum height of 1. 2 metres and the fence is furnished with one or more gates that are securely closed at all times, unless otherwise approved by the Director. †¢ Fixed playground structures (i. e. climbing equipment, slides) are not required by the Day Nurseries Act; however, if the operator intends to install fixed play structures, the structures and safety surfacing must meet current Canadian Standards Association standards. †¢ The current Canadian Standards Association’s (CSA) Standard applies to new and newly renovated playground equipment, and 18 safety surfacing. The CSA Standards also set out the requirements for routine maintenance and inspections. †¢ Playground plans indicating the type and location of fixed structures as well as the type and area of safety surfacing must be approved by the ministry before installation. †¢ Once play structures and surfacing are installed, compliance with the CSA standards must be verified in writing by an independent certified playground inspector before the structures can be used by the children. Inspections †¢ Copies of fire and health inspections are to be sent to the Ministry of Children and Youth Services program advisor and kept on file at the day nursery. Insurance Requirements †¢ The operator must have comprehensive general liability coverage and personal injury coverage for all staff and volunteers. †¢ All vehicles owned by the operator and used for transportation of staff and children must have motor vehicle insurance. Fire Safety and Emergency Information †¢ A fire safety plan must be approved by the local fire department. †¢ A written evacuation procedure, approved by the fire department, must be posted in each room. †¢ Staff are to be instructed on their responsibilities in the event of fire. †¢ Monthly fire drills must be conducted and written records of drills maintained. †¢ Tests of the fire alarm system and fire protection equipment (as required under the Ontario Fire Code) must be conducted and written records of test results maintained. †¢ There must be a designated place of emergency shelter. †¢ An up-to-date list of emergency telephone numbers including the fire department, hospital, ambulance service, poison control centre, police department and a taxi service must be posted where they can be easily accessed. †¢ Medical and emergency contact information for each child must be accessible. Health and Medical Supervision †¢ A daily written log that includes health and safety incidents is required. †¢ Any instructions or recommendations made by the fire department, public health department or other regulatory bodies must be implemented and recorded. †¢ Sanitary practices and procedures must be approved by Ministry. †¢ Children must be immunized according to the requirements of the local medical officer of health, unless a fully authorized exemption is on file. †¢ Before each child begins to play with others, a daily observation of the child’s health is required. †¢ An ill child must be separated from others and arrangements made for the child to be taken home or for immediate medical attention, if required. †¢ Serious occurrence procedures must be in place and the Ministry of Children and Youth Services notified of any occurrence. A serious occurrence includes such things as the death of a child, a serious injury, alleged abuse/mistreatment of a child, a missing child, a disaster on the premises (e. g. fire) or a serious complaint. 20 †¢ A written anaphylactic policy is in place that includes: †¢ A strategy to reduce the risk of exposure to anaphylactic causative agents †¢ A communication plan for the provision of information on lifethreatening allergies, including anaphylactic allergies †¢ An individual plan for each child with an anaphylactic allergy that includes emergency procedures in respect of the child †¢ Staff, students and volunteers have received training on procedures to be followed if a child has an anaphylactic reaction. †¢ A first aid kit and manual must be readily available. †¢ A written procedure approved by a qualified medical practitioner regarding the giving and recording of medication is required. The procedure should include the storage of medication (e. g. medication must be stored in a locked container). †¢ If a child has or may have a reportable disease or is or may be infected with a communicable disease, this is reported to the medical officer of health as soon as possible. †¢ Cats and dogs on the premises must be inoculated against rabies. Nutrition †¢ Infants are to be fed according to written parental instructions. †¢ Food and drink from home must be labelled with the child’s name. †¢ All food and drink must be stored to maintain maximum nutritive value. †¢ Meals and snacks must meet the requirements of the Day Nurseries Act. Canadas Food Guide provides useful information about nutrition. 21 †¢ Meals are to be provided where a day nursery operates for 6 or more hours each day or where the daily program operates less than 6 hours each day and operates over the meal time. This generally refers to the provision of lunch as the mid-day meal. In day nurseries that offer care over extended hours, this may mean that breakfast and/or dinner are also provided. †¢ With the approval of a ministry Director, children 44 months of age or over as of August 31 of the year may bring bag lunches. Written policies and procedures with guidelines for bag lunches should be both posted and provided to parents. †¢ Menus must be posted with substitutions noted. †¢ Children’s food allergies must be posted in the kitchen and in all rooms where food is served. †¢ Special dietary arrangements for individual children are to be carried out according to written instructions of parents. Behaviour Management †¢ Corporal punishment is not allowed under any circumstances. †¢ The following are not permitted: †¢ deliberate harsh or degrading measures that would humiliate or undermine a childs self respect †¢ deprivation of food, shelter, clothing or bedding †¢ confining a child in a locked room †¢ exits locked for the purpose of confinement. †¢ Written behaviour management policies and procedures which guide centre staff in managing children’s behaviour are to be reviewed annually by the operator. The operator is required to review the policies and procedures with employees and volunteers or students before they begin working, and annually thereafter. These policies must set out permitted and prohibited behaviour 22 management practices and measures to deal with any contraventions of the policy. †¢ There must be: †¢ a signed, written record of all reviews, and †¢ a written procedure for monitoring behaviour management practices of employees, students and volunteers, and a record kept of this monitoring. Enrolment Records †¢ Up to date enrolment records for all children in attendance must be on site at all times and be available to the Ministry of Children and Youth Services. These records include, in part, an application, immunization records, emergency information, names of persons to whom the child may be released, parental instructions regarding rest, diet or exercise. †¢ Daily attendance records that indicate a child’s arrival, departure and absence from the program are required. †¢ The medical officer of health or designate such as the public health nurse is permitted to inspect children’s records to ensure that all required immunizations are up to date. Program In order to ensure that the program offered is age and developmentally appropriate for the age of the children being served, the following is required: †¢ a written program philosophy statement which is reviewed annually by the operator and with parents prior to enrolling their child †¢ a program statement which includes: Services, age range, times when the services are offered, holidays, fees, admission and discharge policies, program philosophy, program development, personal and health care, nutrition, parental involvement and 23  behaviour management, specialized services and activities off the premises †¢ varied, flexible and age appropriate programs that include quiet and active play, individual and group activities which are designed to promote gross and fine motor skills, language and cognitive skills, and social and emotional development, and †¢ a daily program plan posted and available to parents with any variations to the program recorded in the daily log. In addition: †¢ Any infants not able to walk are to be separated from other children during active indoor and outdoor play periods †¢ Children under 30 months of age are to be separated from older children during active indoor and outdoor play periods †¢ Children who attend for six or more hours in a day and are over 30 months of age shall have at least two hours of outdoor play, weather permitting †¢ Children who attend for.

The Rain Horse By Ted Hughes Essay -- English Literature

The Rain Horse By Ted Hughes 1. Before he sees the horse, the narrator is feeling confused and angry; "anger against himself for blundering into this mud-trap" As you can see from another word in the sentence, 'blundering', the narrator's anger against himself has made him clumsy, and 'blundering' is a very clumsy word. At this point, the narrator is feeling confused because he cannot decide whether to go round a longer journey, or take a shortcut through a farm. It seems as though he has a bad history with the farmer, because he talks of being called a trespasser; "or shouted at as a trespasser deterred him" 2. The sense of fear and mystery surrounding the horse is given because the writer uses many similes to describe it; "running on its toes like a cat, like a dog up to no good like a nightmarish leopard" Because the horse is far away from him, he can only give a description of its appearance, and he can not know any more, this is what gives the horse a sense of mystery and wonder. 3. As the man sits in the wood, covered by his coat, the rain seem... The Rain Horse By Ted Hughes Essay -- English Literature The Rain Horse By Ted Hughes 1. Before he sees the horse, the narrator is feeling confused and angry; "anger against himself for blundering into this mud-trap" As you can see from another word in the sentence, 'blundering', the narrator's anger against himself has made him clumsy, and 'blundering' is a very clumsy word. At this point, the narrator is feeling confused because he cannot decide whether to go round a longer journey, or take a shortcut through a farm. It seems as though he has a bad history with the farmer, because he talks of being called a trespasser; "or shouted at as a trespasser deterred him" 2. The sense of fear and mystery surrounding the horse is given because the writer uses many similes to describe it; "running on its toes like a cat, like a dog up to no good like a nightmarish leopard" Because the horse is far away from him, he can only give a description of its appearance, and he can not know any more, this is what gives the horse a sense of mystery and wonder. 3. As the man sits in the wood, covered by his coat, the rain seem...

Overview Of The Los Angeles International Airport Engineering Essay

Los Angeles International Airport has been one of the busiest airdromes in the universe, making figure three countrywide and 7th worldwide in the twelvemonth 2009. LAX serves the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area every bit good as the Greater Los Angeles Ares. The Greater Los Angles Area is made up of five counties in Southern California- Los Angeles County, Orange County, San Bernardino County, Riverside County, and Ventura Country. With a combined population of 17.6 million, Los Angeles Area is home to the 2nd largest population country in the United States, merely behind the New York metropolitan country. Peoples from over 140 states have been settling here. As a consequence, Los Angeles embraces one of the most diverse civilizations in the universe. ( Los Angeles, California ) International trade, amusement industry, fabrication, and engineering make up a important part of the metropolis ‘s economic system. Los Angeles is the headquarter for many of the Fortune 500 companies such as The Walt Disney Company, Hilton Hotels Group, Paramount Pictures, and Sony Pictures Entertainment. The LA Metropolitan Area is besides the state ‘s largest fabrication and technological centre and is good known for its new and radical innovations. Because of its premier location in the West seashore and the propinquity to Pacific Rim states, the ports of Los Angeles handled more tunnage of goods than any other port in the state. ( Los Angeles, California ) Tourism plays another major function in the regional economic system. Los Angeles is globally renowned for its amusement Parkss, shopping centres, museums, beaches, and nightlife. Millions of visitants flock here from all parts of the Earth to bask the warm conditions, breath-taking sceneries, diverse civilization, and a broad assortment of things the metropolis has to offer. In 2009, Disneyland entirely attracted 15 million visitants. ( Disneyland ( Anaheim ) )Brief HistoryThe airdrome ‘s history began in 1927 when the Los Angeles City Council planned to construct a municipal airdrome on a site which used to be a wheat field. Judge Frank D. Parent chose 640 estates of land on July 25, 1928, laid soil set downing strips, and designated the airdrome to general air power. This landing field was so given the name- Mines Field. The landing field opened in 1930 and became the official airdrome of Los Angeles. In the beginning, the metropolis leased the airdrome at $ 124,800 per twel vemonth for 50 old ages, but decided to buy the airdrome in 1937 for $ 2,240,000. ( LAX History ) During World War II, Mines Field converted to military operations. Commercial services did non get down until after the war in December 1946. When the airdrome expanded due west in early 1950s, it encountered a terrible job. The airdrome must spread out into Sepulveda Boulevard-a major roadway in the metropolis. The airdrome contrivers came up with an clever solution by delving a tunnel underneath the airdrome track, so auto traffic will non be affected by the enlargement. This sub-airport tunnel was the first of its sort any where in the universe. ( LAX History ) Before the morning of Jet Age, maestro contrivers of LAX called for a important airdrome update. Most of today ‘s airdrome substructure including the terminuss, taxi strips, control tower and tracks were built between the old ages of 1957 through 1965. The iconic Theme Building was the centrepiece of this awaited undertaking. The edifice was retro-futuristically designed into the form of a winging disk, and it hosts a rotating eating house. Walt Disney Imaginers installed particular consequence illuming onto the Theme Building in 1997, and the colourss can be adjusted to reflect particular occasions. Today, the Theme Building is place to the Encounter Restaurant. ( Los Angeles International Airport ) To expect for the addition in air travel during the 1984 Summer Olympics Games, the direction spent $ 700 million to spread out and update the airdrome. All terminuss were split into three degrees, with the top floor for going, in-between floor for fining and the bottom floor for geting. Planners besides built Tom Bradley International Terminal to manage turning international traffic demands. Terabit costs $ 123 million. The international terminus was named after Tom Bradley, the metropolis ‘s first African American city manager. In 1988 and 1989, LAX underwent a series of Reconstruction undertakings and betterments. Runway 24L-6R was wholly rebuilt. All bing tracks received touchdown visible radiations and center line. Many terminuss got more square footage, better fining countries along with more Gatess. Planners besides decided reconstruct Runways 24L/6R its and taxi strips to farther suit the larger wing spans of Boeing 747.Figure -LAXpectations streamerToday, LAX is undergoing an ambitious betterment plan called LAXpectations. The undertaking includes upgrading the Tom Bradley International Terminal, building a trade name new terminus, renovating the current cardinal terminal country, put ining track position visible radiations, and put ining a film editing border baggage testing system.( See Figure 1 ) The end of the multibillion betterment plan is to supply a better going experience for all riders while guaranting the highest safety criterions. In mid-2008, the airdrome finished retracing Runway 7R/25 to forestall track incursions and to suit following coevals Airbus A380s. The following few old ages will surely be the most exciting period in the history of the airdrome. More inside informations about the betterment plan will be discussed in ulterior subdivisions.Existing FacilitiesLos Angeles International Airport presently uses four near-parallel runways-6L/24R, 6R/24L, 7L/25R, and 7R/25L. They are 8,925 pess, 10,285 pess, 12,091 pess, and 11,096 pess in length, severally. Runways 6L/24R and 6R/24L are located on the north side of the terminuss ; while tracks 7L/25R and 7R/25L were built on the south side of the terminuss. With a breadth of 200 pess, 7R/25L is the widest of four tracks. The other three are all 150 pess in breadth. ILS and DME approach systems were standardized o n all four tracks. The airfield lift is 126 pess. Between the North and the south landing field stands the 277 pess tall, palm tree shaped air traffic control tower. The tower handles all clearance bringing, flight informations, and gate-hold places, while each of the four tracks is operated by local control and land accountants. ( Administration ) By and large talking, IFR aircrafts should hold a separation of three stat mis laterally and one 1000 pess vertically. One exclusion to this regulation is the coincident attack of the parallel tracks, which requires a separation of 4,300 pess. This is to forestall coincident attack at immediate tracks. The 4,300 pess of separation allows for two aircrafts to set down at the same clip on two non-immediate tracks, for illustration, on ILS 24L and ILS 25R. Pilots must hold the proper aircraft equipments including a transponder, and winging experiences to run at the airdrome. This is the general regulation under category Bravo, which all aircrafts receive radio detection and ranging separation. Pilots under Class B air space will be given a squawk codification. When nearing the airdrome, pilots are recommended to reach the tower at a distance 30 to forty stat mis, but the pilot must inform the accountant is he or she is unable to wing the attack. This is particularly the instance under low visibleness fortunes. ( Stearns ) Los Angeles International Airport uses nine rider terminuss, numbered 1 through 8, plus the primary international terminal-Tom Bradley International Terminal ( TBIT ) . Terminals were arranged in the form of the missive â€Å" U † . The terminal cringle starts at World Way Drive North, on the west side of South Sepulveda Blvd. Once come ining the airdrome, autos make a counterclockwise circle in the order around Terminals 1, 2, 3, Tom Bradley International Terminal, and so onto Terminals 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. All nine terminuss are split into three degrees. With the exclusion of Tom Bradley International Terminal, the eight terminuss uses the upper degree for goings, in-between degree for fining and lower degree for reachings. Tom Bradley International Terminal combines fining and going into in-between degree while using the top degree for eating houses. Just like the other eight terminuss, the lower degree of Tom Bradley is dedicated to geting riders. Two degrees of roadways allow autos and coachs to straight entree the fining degree and the arrival degree for the terminuss 1 through 8. Travelers can easy entree all degrees of the same terminus by stepss, escalators, or lifts. Dividing up the reachings and fining degrees help eases congestions for the auto traffic. Because nine terminuss do non complect, shuttle coachs provide the quickest manner for riders to go between terminuss. The lower degree accommodates ground transit such as cab, shared drive new waves, air hose birds connexions and coachs. Shuttle buses Michigans at each terminus about one time every 12 to fifteen proceedingss. Walking between terminuss is ever an option for reassigning riders ; nevertheless it can take more than 30 proceedingss to walk to the terminus located at the other side of the cringle. Most of the terminal substructure, including Terminal 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, were built back in the early 1960s, Terminal 1 and TBIT opened to the populace in 1984, and 1988, severally. ( LAX History ) Even though LAX uses nine independent terminuss, gate Numberss do non reiterate. ( See Table 1 ) In other words, every gate figure is dedicated to a individual terminus. For illustration Terminal 1 uses Gatess 1 through 15, and Terminal 2 starts the gate count at gate 21 and goes up to gate 28. Terminal Number of Gates Gates 1 15 1-3, 4A-4B, 5-14 2 11 21-21B, 22-22B, 23, 24-24B, 25-28. 3 13 30, 31A, 31B, 32, 33A, 33B, 34-36, 37A, 37B, 38, 39 4 14 40, 41, 42A, 42B, 43, 44 45, 46A, 46B, 47A, 47B, 48A, 48B, 49B 5 14 50B, 51A-51B, 52A-52B, 53A-53B, 54A-54B, 55A, 56, 57, 58A, 59 6 14 60, 61, 62-62A, 63-66, 67A-67B, 68A-68B, 69A-69B 7 11 70A-70B, 71A-71B, 72-74, 75A-75B, 76, 77 8 9 80-88 Terabit 12 101-106, 119-123Table 1-Terminals and GatesTenants and UsersMore than 60 air hoses have regular flight services to and from Los Angeles International Airport. Together, these air hoses connects rider with 87 domestic and 69 international metropoliss. With 15.1 per centum in airdrome rider traffic, American Airlines is largest air hose in operating at LAX. United Airlines and Southwest Airlines besides make up a important rider count at 14.83 and 12.44 per centum, severally. Australian airliner Qantas is the largest foreign operator, with 2 per centum of entire riders. ( LAWA ) The flights between operated by Singapore Airlines between LAX and Singapore is the 2nd longest non-stop flight between any two airdromes in the universe, merely puting behind the Newark-Singapore path. Flight SQ38 from Singapore Changi Airport to Los Angeles International takes 16 hours while winging great circle path of 9,134 stat mis. The return flight SQ37 from Los Angeles to Singapore is an even longer flight at 18 hours and 10 proceedingss. Flight SQ37 covers a distance of 8,771 stat mis. Both extremist long flights utilize Airbus A340-500. ( Non-Stop Flight ) Since the Los Angeles Area is home to the largest Asiatic population country in the state, LAX airdrome has most flights to Asia than any other airdromes in the state. The airdrome is frequently referred to as the â€Å" Gate Way to Asia † . The growing in traffic between LAX and Asiatic metropoliss has been turning significantly of all time since the TBIT was built in the 1980s. In fact, LAX entirely has six Chinese bearers in operation. Cross-Pacific flights derive a big part of income for the air hoses because burden factors average above 80 per centum ( LAX: Gateway to Asia ) Landmark Aviation is the airdrome ‘s concern activity FBO ; it is in operation 24 hours a twenty-four hours, 7 yearss a hebdomad. The installation is located South of 7R/25L and has the capableness to function all sizes of concern aircrafts up to the size of Boeing 767. Everyday services include valet parking, conference room, VIP room, pilot ‘s sofa, flight planning room, aircraft care. ( Landmark Aviation Airport Services ) LAX is home base of the Coast Guard Air Station Los Angeles. Three HH-65 Dolphinfishs are based at the airdrome. Mission of the air station includes hunt and deliverance, navigation support, and general military operations. The station works closely with the lifesavers throughout the country in helping drop and H2O deliverance.Airport ActivityIn 2009, the airdrome recorded 56,520,843 enplanement riders, the lowest figure in three old ages. The largest growing during that period occurred in twelvemonth 2004 when Numberss grew 10.61 % over the old twelvemonth. After the twelvemonth 2004, enplanement growing slows down and even goes into diminution in the past three old ages. . Airport has been turning steadily all the manner up to the twelvemonth 2000 when the enplanement riders reached 67,303,182, but the airdrome activity plummeted significantly in twelvemonth 2001, and reached the low point of 54,982,838 enplanements in twelvemonth 2003. 2001 Terrorist Attacks had evidently caused t he diminution in the air travel industry. Despite the initial tendency of recovery after twelvemonth 2001, the figure of enplaned riders is still significantly below pre-9/11 degrees. ( See Figure 3 Below ) ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic ) Figure -Enplanement 2004-2009 ( Statistic Ten Year Summary Passengers ) Like most other airdromes, LAX rider enplanement is non uniformly distributed throughout the twelvemonth. The monthly norm of twelvemonth 2009, derived by spliting one-year enplanement by 12, is 4,710,070. The standard divergence is 490,272 ; hence the Numberss are still comparatively close to its mean. Enplanement activity spiked in the month of July with more than 6 million riders, and it reached the lowest point in February with merely over 4.3 million riders. ( See Figure 4 below ) Planners must be cautious about monthly norms when it comes to capacity related determinations because non merely activity have peak month, but besides peak twenty-four hours an even peak hr. An efficient airdrome must be able to manage traffic when activity reaches far beyond mean enplanement. For this ground, monthly norm has limited value for airdrome contrivers. Figure -Year 2009 Monthly Enplanement ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic ) Top 5 busiest air hoses in falling orders are American Airlines, United Airlines, Southwest Airlines, Delta Airlines, and Alaska Airlines. The top five air hoses fly largely domestic finishs. Alaska Airlines carries the most international riders among the top five air hoses, while Southwest Airlines operates entirely within U.S. boundary lines. ( LAWA ) Aircraft operations at Los Angeles International Airport in twelvemonth 2009 are made up of 68.8 per centum air bearer, 28.5 per centum air cab, 2.5 per centum general air power, and less than.4 percent military. ( See Figure 5 below ) ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic ) The standard divergence of the entire operation for the past five twelvemonth is merely over 20,000. From the operation statistics, it is clear that LAX operate chiefly air bearers and air cab since these two class makes up 97 per centum of airdrome activity Operations for the past twelvemonth declined drastically. Number of operations decreased from 622,506 in 2008 to 544,833 in 2009. It is deserving observing that air cab operation declined by about 50 per centum from 150,561 in 2008 to 86,919 in 2009. Despite the heavy operation at LAX, merely six aircrafts are based at the airdrome. Four of which are military chopper, and the other two are jets. This figure is improbably low for the airdrome the graduated table of LAX. In comparing, the non-commercial Van Nuys Airport ( VNY ) in San Fernando Valley has 709 based aircrafts. ( Administration )Type of Opertion20052006200720082009Air Carrier454,934463,341467,193453,232438,059Air Taxi178,017174,745193,930150,56186,919General Aviation15,07116,14217,21716,39716,797Military2,6072,6142,6142,3163,058Entire650,629656,842680,954622,506544,833Figure -Five Year Operation ( Statistics Volume of Air Traffic )ManagementLos Angeles International is one of the four airdromes operated under the Los Angeles World Airports System. The other three airdromes are LA/Ontario International ( ONT ) , Van Nuys ( VNY ) and LA/Palmdale Regional ( PMD ) . City of Los Angeles owns and operates all four airdromes. LAX is the primary public airdrome in the Los Ang eles Area. LA/Ontario and LA/Palmdale operates commercial service at a much smaller graduated tables, while Van Nuys handles the busiest general air power traffic in the universe. ( LAWA ) The metropolis appoints seven airdrome commissioners to regulate airdromes of Los Angeles World Airports. The mission of this board is to do policies that will profit the airdrome riders and the community. Seven members form the board of commissioner, each functioning five twelvemonth footings. The board members are appointed by city manager and approved by the metropolis advocate ; they are an elect squad of concern professionals, community leaders, urban contrivers, lawyers, and bookmans. Board ‘s docket and studies are often published for the populace on the Los Angeles World Airport web site. Jeff Fitch is the current director, deputy executive of operations and care of Los Angeles World Airports. Duties of airdrome director include security, safety, terminal and landside operations. Having the background as the Commander of Operations at Grand Forks Air Force Base and general director of terminal operations at Seattle Tacoma International Airport, Mr. Fitch gained extended experience in airdrome direction in both civilian and military sectors. ( L.A. World Airports )Airport IssuesIn recent old ages, incursion incidents and outdating terminal substructures are the two chief issues endangering the hereafter developments at Los Angeles International Airport. This subdivision will discourse the significance behind those issues, and their solutions.Runway IncursionsLAX is notoriously known for its hapless track safety records. From twelvemonth 2000 to 2003, LAX has the highest figure of runway incursions of all commercial airdromes in the state. The airdrome experienced 16 in cursions in twelvemonth 2006 through 2007, four of which are classified as serious. The closest call occurred on August 16, 2007, between Westjet Flight 900 and Northwest Flight 180. After set downing on track 24R, Westjet Flight 900 was trying to traverse the track 24L while Northwest Flight 180 is in the center of takeoff axial rotation. The two aircraft came within 40 pess. Runway incursions must be reduced and eliminated because it is likely that a ruinous clang will happen. ( Air Safety Week, 2007 ) Although human mistakes due to miscommunications were the chief cause for most of the track incursion incidents, the blemished design of tracks besides played a major function. All aircrafts set downing at the two outer most tracks, 6L/24R and 7R/25L, must traverse the immediate analogue tracks to entree the chief terminuss. To farther complicate this issue, parallel tracks were laid out excessively closely, so aircrafts go outing the outer runways merely have limited infinite to halt before traversing into the nearby track. ( Air Safety Week ) Under the guidelines of the Federal Aviation Administration ‘s Runway Safety Program, legion options were reviewed by the maestro contrivers. Ultimately, a halfway taxi strip became the most plausible solution. Several undertakings are specifically designed to cut down the likeliness of future track incursions, and to better the overall safety of the landing field. At the halfway piece of the major renovation undertaking is the $ 333 million dollar South Airfield Improvement Program ( SAIP ) . Approximately $ 250 million were spent to relocate the track, and the other $ 85 million went to the new taxi strip undertaking. The support came from many beginnings including landing fees, Federal Airport Improvement Funds, airdrome operating gross, and airport capital betterment financess. The first measure of the South Airfield Improvement Program was to pulverize the track 25L/7R. Then an indistinguishable track 25L/7R was rebuilt 55 pess south of the old track. All track lighting, navigational AIDSs and other public-service corporations had to be relocated as the consequence of this resettlement. Next, a new taxi strip was constructed between the two parallel tracks. The new taxi strip gives more infinite for geting aircrafts on the outer track to taxi on until the aircrafts are given the authorization to traverse the interior track. The taxi strip will probably to cut down most types of track incursion instances ; moreover, it minimizes the taxiing clip for aircrafts. ( Los Angeles International Airport ) Besides the Southern Airfield Improvement, track position visible radiation is another state-of-the art engineering that helps forestall future incursions. These visible radiations warn the pilots when the track being crossed is in usage, so pilots are less likely to traverse an active track. The track position visible radiation undertaking is a joint attempt between the FAA and the Los Angeles World Airport Authority ; the entire cost is estimated at $ 7.7 million.Facility Improvements and ExpansionsSince most of the terminus installations were built prior to 1980s, airdrome is get downing to demo marks of restraint due to its skyrocket growing. Terminals were non designed to manage today ‘s airdrome activity when they were built in the sixtiess ; really few Gatess can even suit Boeing 747s. Furthermore, the E, North, and south sides of the airdrome are heavy residential vicinities, so it is hard for the airdrome to spread out. As the consequence of the airdrome ‘s ain s uccess, LAX was get downing to lose international fight. From twelvemonth 2000 through 2006, LAX had lost 12 % of international riders. Some foreign bearers avoids LAX merely because of its out-of-date terminuss, alternatively, they choose more modern airdromes such as San Francisco International. ( Oldham ) Losing riders is non merely job for the airdrome, but the whole country of Southern California suffers as the consequence. Since the airdrome is one of the economic power house in the country, losing competiveness may take to occupation cuts and decreased foreign trade. In other words, it will both straight and indirectly affect the overall economic well being of Southern California. Because the Tom Bradley International Terminal was built more than two decennaries ago, a renovation is necessary to run into the of all time increasing demands of future rider traffic. TBIT is presently undergoing a major face lift to do many facets of international air going more comfy and efficient. Ticketing countries, in-migration lines, going countries, and more efficient HVAC systems are merely some of the targeted betterment countries. More boarding Gatess will be modified to manage larger jets like Boeing 747s and Airbus A380s. The new luggage showing system frees up the infinite in the cheque in country by traveling sensing equipment to behind the air hose counters. New luggage testing units besides reduces the congestion in the check-in countries and the delay clip for riders. LAWA contracted Siemens Logistics for the installing of modern digital shows that will break direct the flow of riders. The entire cost of TBIT betterment is estimated at $ 723.5 million. Terminals 1 through 8 will besides acquire a security system upgrade similar to the 1 at TBIT. Explosion sensing systems, detonation hint Stationss, and closed circuit telecastings are being integrated into the bing security system. This undertaking costs $ 577 million. In add-on to the security systems, all terminuss will have minor modern-day touches. ( Los Angeles International Airport ) Even though the freshly developed TBIT will pull more riders to LAX, it is non sufficient to manage the addition in international rider activity. To accommodate to the growing in new coevals superjumbo jets, the program to construct a trade name new terminus, Midfield Satellite Concourse, was passed by the airdrome council. The new multitude will be capable of managing jets the size of Airbus A380s. An belowground tunnel allows people to entree the new multitude which is about one-fourth mile West of the current terminus composite, and it will use a people mover system. Ten Gatess and an estimated 500,000 to 600,000 square footage of terminal infinite will be added on at a cost of $ 1.2 million. The new multitude undertaking is scheduled to finish in 2012. Airport council besides called for an enlargement on the current TBIT Terminal. Additional Gatess will be added on the west side of TBIT to manage increasing broad organic structure jets. ( Hymon )Personal Observations and Decision The worst record in runway incursions is surely non the acknowledgment any airdrome want to have. Even though we recognize that all human existences make errors, errors are merely unbearable in the air power industry. In response to the hapless safety records, maestro contrivers launched a series of undertakings with the chief intent of cut downing the likeliness of human mistakes. The new centre taxi strip allows more infinite for land aircrafts to steer, hence, cut downing the opportunity for runway incursions. Runway position visible radiation farther diminishes the opportunity of aircraft hits by warning the pilots of active traversing track. LAX should be sing a important decrease in track incursion incidents in the hereafter. The airdrome is in great demand of modernizing because the terminuss built half a century ago were merely non designed to manage the demands of the twenty-first Century. Renovating Tom Bradley International Terminal along with the other eight terminuss will pull more bearers to LAX. However, the airdrome is faced with a more serious issue- the deficiency of infinite for enlargement. The metropolis itself has grown to a point that the airdrome is wholly surrounded by edifices, so contrivers have about no infinite for the airdrome to spread out. All future airdrome terminal enlargements must be taken west of the present terminus composite, the belongings that is presently used for aircraft hangers and lading installations. It will be interesting to see the executable options contrivers are coming up with. On October 21, 2008, A Qantas Airlines Airbus 380 with 450 people landed at LAX. This marks the beginning of the superjumbo jet service in the West seashore, and is decidedly an indicant that more international riders are taking LAX. From the individual soil set downing strip in a wheat field to the 3rd busiest airdrome in the United States, LAX has come a long manner. Airport ‘s success is straight related with the local community. Today, southern California ‘s economic system has ne'er been so mutualist upon the air transit system. As the local economic system skyrocketed, airdrome must accommodate to the turning demands without giving safety and efficiency. The local community airdrome director, commissioners, and maestro contrivers must work together to guarantee the success of LAX in the twenty-first Century.Appendix: LAX Terminal Diagram and air hoses, SAIP

Family Sytem Theory Essay

Family therapy is a form of counseling which specializes in treating family relationships. Marriage and Family Therapists can work with every combination of family relationship (whole families or couples, parents with children or individual members) to assist a family to function in more comfortable and useful ways. While most family therapists work alone with family members, others may work in pairs or a larger team of therapists. How Does Family Therapy Work? Family systems theory proposes that we as individuals first learn about ourselves, our emotions and how to manage close relationships from the experience we have growing up in our family of origin. This personal experience influences how we tend to function in all other relationships we may have throughout our lives. As we come to better understand ourselves in our family emotional system, and work to heal our natural, anxious reactions to it, we can become more flexible in our marriages, our parenting, and our work and community relationships. What Kinds of Therapy Does Family Therapy Use? While some forms of family therapy are based in cognitive, behavioral, experiential or psychodynamic psychology, the most commonly practiced methods of this therapy are based on family systems theory. Family therapy developed its theoretical foundations fifty years ago from the developing, cross disciplinary body of knowledge called systems theory. Systems theoryproposes that everything we experience in the world is interconnected to its context, and can’t be fully understood without it. When it comes to human beings, then, we don’t know who we are without understanding the relationships we have. Those relationships include the ones we have with family, our friends, our neighborhood and cultures, our work and school environments, and those we may have with the larger systems of language, gender, nationality, or religion. Professional Accreditation and Family Therapy Family Therapy is specific to the graduate training of Licensed Marriage and Family Therapists (LMFT). LMFTs can be found in private, group and clinical therapy practices across the United States and abroad. Other psychological professionals, such as psychologists, social workers, and professional counselors may also have received some advanced training in family system therapy, and may use its principles and ideas in their work. The number of sessions depends on the situation, but the average is 5-20 sessions. A family therapist usually meets several members of the family at the same time. This has the advantage of making differences between the ways family members perceive mutual relations as well as interaction patterns in the session apparent both for the therapist and the family. These patterns frequently mirror habitual interaction patterns at home, even though the therapist is now incorporated into the family system. Therapy interventions usually focus on relationship patterns rather than on analyzing impulses of the unconscious mind or early childhood trauma of individuals as a Freudian therapist would do – although some schools of family therapy, for example psychodynamicand intergenerational, do consider such individual and historical factors (thus embracing both linear and circular causation) and they may use instruments such as the genogram to help to elucidate the patterns of relationship across generations. The distinctive feature of family therapy is its perspective and analytical framework rather than the number of people present at a therapy session. Specifically, family therapists are relational therapists: They are generally more interested in what goes on between individuals rather than within one or more individuals, although some family therapists—in particular those who identify aspsychodynamic, object relations, intergenerational, EFT, or experiential family therapists—tend to be as interested in individuals as in the systems those individuals and their relationships constitute. Depending on the conflicts at issue and the progress of therapy to date, a therapist may focus on analyzing specific previous instances of conflict, as by reviewing a past incident and suggesting alternative ways family members might have responded to one another during it, or instead proceed directly to addressing the sources of conflict at a more abstract level, as by pointing out patterns of interaction that the family might have not noticed. Family therapists tend to be more interested in the maintenance and/or solving of problems rather than in trying to identify a single cause. Some families may perceive cause-effect analyses as attempts to allocate blame to one or more individuals, with the effect that for many families a focus on causation is of little or no clinical utility. It is important to note that a circular way of problem evaluation is used as opposed to a linear route. Using this method, families can be helped by finding patterns of behaviour, what the causes are, and what can be done to better their situation.

Hannibal of Carthage essays

Hannibal of Carthage essays Hannibal of Carthage: The Father of Strategy Through out history there have been many great military leaders, Alexander the Great, Napoleon, Generals Washington, Grant and Charles Lewis Puller. The one however that sticks out the most is General Hannibal of Carthage. Often called the Father of Strategy his march over the Alps is one of the most famous attacks in military history. Hannibal beat the Roman Army time and time again before in suicide in 183 BC. Hannibal was born 247 BC, the son of Hamilcar Barca, the current General of the Carthaginian Army. Hannibals training as a military leader began at the age of nine when he went to Spain to be with his father. At Hamilcars request Hannibal pledged an oath of hate towards the Roman Empire because of Carthages lost to the Romans in the First Punic War (261-241 BC). After Hamilcar's death in 228 BC, Hannibals brother in law, Hasdrubal, assumed command of the Carthaginian Army. Seven years, in 221BC, Hasdrubal was assassinated. In those years, during Hasdrubals command, Hannibal was the main officer to carry out all of Hasdrubals plans. Hannibal was the unanimous choice to lead the Carthaginian Army. Hannibal sought to extend the Carthage domain further in Spain. By 219 he had reached the Ebro River and controlled all south of that but the city of Saguntum, an ally of Rome. Despite strong warnings form Rome Hannibal attacked Saguntum and after eight months of battle, he controlled the city. The Romans saw this as a violation of the existing treaty between Rome and Carthage and demanded the surrender of Hannibal. When Carthaginian government did not hand over Hannibal for his actions, the Romans declared war, also know as the Second Punic War. With a new war upon him, Hannibal conjured up a plan of attack. He evaded a Roman force that was sent to intercept him. In October of 218 BC, he crossed the Rhone river and ventured into what made...

Meiosis - Definition and Examples in Rhetoric

Meiosis s in Rhetoric (1) To belittle, use a degrading epithet or nickname, often through a trope of one word. A concise form of invective. (2) A kind of humorous understatement that dismisses or belittles, especially by using terms that make something seem less significant than it really is or ought to be.Plural meioses; adjectival form, meiotic. See Examples and Observations, below. Etymology:From the Greek, diminish Definition #1: Examples and Observations Meiosis, often achieved through a trope of one word, may range from bitter scorn to light derision.​(Sister Miriam Joseph, Shakespeares Use of the Arts of Language, 1947)The unspeakable in full pursuit of the uneatable.(Oscar Wilde on fox hunting)rhymester for poetgrease monkey for mechanicshrink for psychiatristslasher for surgeonright-wing nutjobs for Republicans; left-wing pansies for Democratspecker checker for urologistambulance chaser for personal injury lawyershort-order chef for morgue workertreehugger for environmentalistKing Arthur: The Lady of the Lake, her arm clad in the purest shimmering samite held aloft excalibur from the bosom of the water.Peasant: Listen, strange women lying in ponds distributing swords is no basis for a system of government. Power derives from the masses not from some farcical aquatic ceremony.King Arthur: Be quiet!Peasant: You cant expect to wield supreme power because some watery tart threw a sword at you.King Arthur: Shut up!Peasant: If I went around saying I was an emperor because some moistened bint had lobbed a scimitar at me . . ..(Monty Python and the Holy Grail, 1975) Definition #2: Examples and Observations Meiosis is a statement that depicts something important in terms that lessen or belittle it. [Woody] Allens fictitious graduation speech . . . alternated between hyperbole and meiosis. Discussing the crisis of alienation in society, Allen remarked. Man has seen the ravages of war, he has known natural catastrophes, he has been to singles bars. Commenting on the benefits of democracy, Allen observed, In a democracy at least, civil liberties are upheld. No citizen can be wantonly tortured, imprisoned, or made to sit through certain Broadway shows. The pattern in each case was the same. Allen introduced a serious topic, began to treat it in a dignified and elevated manner, but ended on a note of understatement.(James Jasinksi, Sourcebook on Rhetoric. Sage, 2001)In The Black Cat [by Edgar Allen Poe] the narrator . . . wants desperately to believe that the narrative he is about to relate is not one of supernatural vengeance on the part of demonic cats and punishing gods; rather, he calls itagain using meiosisa homely narrative. By homely he means ordinary. Through meiosis he attempts to downplay the events and their possible implications for his soul. When he mentions the apparent shape of the white fur on the second cat as resembling a gallows, he again tries to deemphasize the significance of the phenomenon by referring to it as one of the merest chimeras it would be possible to conceive. He frantically wants to believe that the gallows on the cats fur is a mere trick of the imagination and not a supernatural portent of his doom.(Brett Zimmerman, Edgar Allan Poe: Rhetoric and Style. McGill-Queens University Press, 2005) Pronunciation: MI-o-sis Also Known As: diminutio, minution, extenuatio, figure of extenuation, prosonomasia, the disabler, the nicknamer

Olmec Civilization and its History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Olmec Civilization and its History - Essay Example The culture of the people is believed to be ended around 400 BC. The Olmec inhabited southern Mexico and were regarded as the mother culture of the Americas. Their technology and culture influenced the preceding culture and technology. Sertima support for the Olmec illustrates the belief that they came before Columbus and should be considered as part of the ancient civilization of the Americas. In his book They Came before Columbus, Sertima argues that the Olmec were the first face of civilization and influenced the technology and culture of America. The argument holds water as presented in the Olmec brand of pre-Columbian contact theory. The major claim presented by Sertima is the existence of African origin in the Mesoamerican culture in the western hemisphere. The theory asserts that the influence of the American culture in the Mesoamerican culture was massive and should be considered in the study of the ancient civilization, which is becoming a complex process. He further added that the Kings of the 25th dynasty of Egypt were Nubians (Diehl 82). This theory led to increasing need to research on the clarity and accuracy of the theory with further finding supporting and some discrediting the theory developed by Sertima. The name Olmec means the rubber people in the Nahuatl language. Aztec is the name of the people who inhabited the area because they extracted latex from r ubber trees. However; the name was used mistakenly by the Europeans by assigning the name to ancient ruins found in the region. The ruling found was not of the Aztec civilization, but date before the civilization. The name also refers to the ancient ball game developed by the Olmec and considered the Olmec creation. The name used by the Olmec includes Xi which is similar to the Chinese names. The evidence of Olmec existence in America led to questions on their origin and argument arose. It was first thought that they originated from West Africa,  but further evidence deduces that they were remnants from the Xia dynasty of China (Demarest 62).